Titanium

Titanium, ₂₂Ti
Titanium
Pronunciation	/taɪˈteɪniəm/; (ty-TAY-nee-əm); /tɪˈteɪniəm/; (tih-TAY-nee-əm);
Appearance	silvery grey-white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ti)
	47.867±0.001; 47.867±0.001 (abridged);
Titanium in the periodic table
	scandium ← titanium → vanadium
Atomic number (Z)	22
Group	group 4
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F)
Boiling point	3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	4.502 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	4.11 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	14.15 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	425 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.060 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.54
Ionization energies	1st: 658.8 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 147 pm
Covalent radius	160±8 pm
	Spectral lines of titanium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants	a = 295.05 pm; c = 468.33 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	9.68×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	21.9 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	420 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+153.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	116 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.32
Mohs hardness	6.0
Vickers hardness	830–3420 MPa
Brinell hardness	716–2770 MPa
CAS Number	7440-32-6
History
Discovery	William Gregor (1791)
First isolation	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Named by	Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Isotopes of titanium v; e;
	Category: Titanium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.

Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils.^[9] The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes.^[10] The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments.^[11] Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl₃), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.^[9]

Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements. The resulting titanium alloys are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and consumer electronics.^[9] Titanium is also considered one of the most biocompatible metals, leading to a range of medical applications including prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental implants, and surgical instruments.^[12]

The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element.^[13] In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense.^[14] There are two allotropic forms^[15] and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, ⁴⁶Ti through ⁵⁰Ti, with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant (73.8%).^[16]

^ "titanium". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium". CIAAW. 1993.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆:[Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
^ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference EBC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference LANL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
^ Medical, Tokyo; University, Dental (24 May 2022). "Exploring what gives titanium implants their remarkable biocompatibility". Phys.org. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
^ Donachie 1988, p. 11
^ Barksdale 1968, p. 738
^ Cite error: The named reference TICE6th was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium". Retrieved 26 December 2006.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] "titanium". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium". CIAAW. 1993.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-4] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[5] Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)₆:[Ti(CO)₄(S₂CNR₂)]⁻". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.

[6] Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm" (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.

[8] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-9] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[EBC-10] Cite error: The named reference EBC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[LANL-11] Cite error: The named reference LANL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[HistoryAndUse-12] Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.

[Medical_University_2022_v636-13] Medical, Tokyo; University, Dental (24 May 2022). "Exploring what gives titanium implants their remarkable biocompatibility". Phys.org. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

[14] Donachie 1988, p. 11

[Barksdale1968p738-15] Barksdale 1968, p. 738

[TICE6th-16] Cite error: The named reference TICE6th was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[EnvChem-17] Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium". Retrieved 26 December 2006.

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