Nitric acid

Nitric acid
	; Pure nitric acid
Ball-and-stick model of nitric acid	Resonance space-filling model of nitric acid
Names
	IUPAC name Nitric acid
	Other names Aqua fortis; Spirit of niter; Eau forte; Hydrogen nitrate; Acidum nitricum;
Identifiers
CAS Number	7697-37-2 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
3DMet	B00068;
ChEBI	CHEBI:48107 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1352 ;
ChemSpider	919 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.832
EC Number	231-714-2;
Gmelin Reference	1576
KEGG	D02313 ;
MeSH	Nitric+acid
PubChem CID	944;
RTECS number	QU5775000;
UNII	411VRN1TV4 ;
UN number	2031
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5029685 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4) Key: GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/HNO3/c2-1(3)4/h(H,2,3,4) Key: GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYAO;
	SMILES [N+](=O)(O)[O-]; ON(=O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	HNO3
Molar mass	63.012 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Odor	Acrid, suffocating
Density	1.51 g/cm3, 1.41 g/cm3 [68% w/w]
Melting point	−42 °C (−44 °F; 231 K)
Boiling point	83 °C (181 °F; 356 K) 68% solution boils at 121 °C (250 °F; 394 K)
Solubility in water	Miscible
log P	−0.13
Vapor pressure	48 mmHg (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	−1.4
Conjugate base	Nitrate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−1.99×10−5 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.397 (16.5 °C)
Dipole moment	2.17 ± 0.02 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	146 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−207 kJ/mol
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H272, H300, H310, H330, H373, H411
Precautionary statements	P210, P220, P260, P305+P351+P338, P310, P370+P378
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 0 2 OX
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)	138 ppm (rat, 30 min)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3); ST 4 ppm (10 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	25 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0183
Related compounds
Other anions	Nitrous acid
Other cations	Sodium nitrate; Potassium nitrate; Ammonium nitrate;
Related compounds	Dinitrogen trioxide; Dinitrogen tetroxide; Dinitrogen pentoxide; Nitrogen oxide; Nitrogen monoxide; Nitrogen dioxide;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Nitric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H N O₃. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid.^[6] The compound is colorless, but samples tend to acquire a yellow cast over time due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO₃, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as red fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 86%, or white fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%.

Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration – the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0447". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "nitric acid_msds".
^ Bell, R. P. (1973), The Proton in Chemistry (2nd ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
^ ^a ^b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^ "Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). fishersci.com. Fisher Scientific International. 23 March 2015. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 465–471. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[PGCH-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0447". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[chemsrc-2] "nitric acid_msds".

[3] Bell, R. P. (1973), The Proton in Chemistry (2nd ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press

[b1-4] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

[5] "Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). fishersci.com. Fisher Scientific International. 23 March 2015. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

[G&E-6] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 465–471. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

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