Nanocellulose

Nanocellulose is a term referring to nano-structured cellulose. This may be either cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nano-structured cellulose produced by bacteria.

CNF is a material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio). Typical fibril widths are 5–20 nanometers with a wide range of lengths, typically several micrometers. It is pseudo-plastic and exhibits thixotropy, the property of certain gels or fluids that are thick (viscous) under normal conditions, but become less viscous when shaken or agitated. When the shearing forces are removed the gel regains much of its original state. The fibrils are isolated from any cellulose containing source including wood-based fibers (pulp fibers) through high-pressure, high temperature and high velocity impact homogenization, grinding or microfluidization (see manufacture below).^[1]^[2]^[3]

Nanocellulose can also be obtained from native fibers by an acid hydrolysis, giving rise to highly crystalline and rigid nanoparticles which are shorter (100s to 1000 nanometers) than the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) obtained through homogenization, microfluiodization or grinding routes. The resulting material is known as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC).^[4]

Nanochitin is similar in its nanostructure to nanocellulose.

^ Zhu, Hongli; Luo, Wei; Ciesielski, Peter N.; Fang, Zhiqiang; Zhu, J. Y.; Henriksson, Gunnar; Himmel, Michael E.; Hu, Liangbing (2016). "Wood-Derived Materials for Green Electronics, Biological Devices, and Energy Applications". Chemical Reviews. 116 (16): 9305–9374. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225. PMID 27459699.
^ Klemm, Dieter; Kramer, Friederike; Moritz, Sebastian; Lindström, Tom; Ankerfors, Mikael; Gray, Derek; Dorris, Annie (2011). "Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (24): 5438–5466. doi:10.1002/anie.201001273. PMID 21598362.
^ Habibi, Youssef (2014). "Key advances in the chemical modification of nanocelluloses". Chemical Society Reviews. 43 (5): 1519–1542. doi:10.1039/C3CS60204D. PMID 24316693.
^ Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu HL, Tam KC (2011). "Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: A nanotechnology perspective" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 89 (5): 1191–1206. doi:10.1002/cjce.20554. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-24. Retrieved 2012-08-28.

[Wood-Derived_Materials_for_Green_El-1] Zhu, Hongli; Luo, Wei; Ciesielski, Peter N.; Fang, Zhiqiang; Zhu, J. Y.; Henriksson, Gunnar; Himmel, Michael E.; Hu, Liangbing (2016). "Wood-Derived Materials for Green Electronics, Biological Devices, and Energy Applications". Chemical Reviews. 116 (16): 9305–9374. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225. PMID 27459699.

[2] Klemm, Dieter; Kramer, Friederike; Moritz, Sebastian; Lindström, Tom; Ankerfors, Mikael; Gray, Derek; Dorris, Annie (2011). "Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (24): 5438–5466. doi:10.1002/anie.201001273. PMID 21598362.

[3] Habibi, Youssef (2014). "Key advances in the chemical modification of nanocelluloses". Chemical Society Reviews. 43 (5): 1519–1542. doi:10.1039/C3CS60204D. PMID 24316693.

[4] Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu HL, Tam KC (2011). "Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: A nanotechnology perspective" (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 89 (5): 1191–1206. doi:10.1002/cjce.20554. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-24. Retrieved 2012-08-28.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]