Vanadium redox battery

Vanadium redox battery
Specific energy	10–20 Wh/kg (36–72 J/g)
Energy density	15–25 Wh/L (54–65 kJ/L)
Energy efficiency	75–90%
Time durability	20–30 years
Cycle durability	>12,000–14,000 cycles
Nominal cell voltage	1.15–1.55 V

The vanadium redox battery (VRB), also known as the vanadium flow battery (VFB) or vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a type of rechargeable flow battery. It employs vanadium ions as charge carriers.^[5] The battery uses vanadium's ability to exist in a solution in four different oxidation states to make a battery with a single electroactive element instead of two.^[6] For several reasons, including their relative bulkiness, vanadium batteries are typically used for grid energy storage, i.e., attached to power plants/electrical grids.^[7]

Numerous companies and organizations are involved in funding and developing vanadium redox batteries.

^ Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria; Kasherman, D.; Hong, D.R.; Kazacos, M. (September 1991). "Characteristics and performance of 1 kW UNSW vanadium redox battery". Journal of Power Sources. 35 (4): 399–404. Bibcode:1991JPS....35..399S. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(91)80058-6.
^ M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychcik and R. Robins, in AU Patent 575247 (1986), to Unisearch Ltd.
^ Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030. IRENA (2017), Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.
^ Qi, Zhaoxiang; Koenig, Gary M. (July 2017). "Review Article: Flow battery systems with solid electroactive materials". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena. 35 (4): 040801. Bibcode:2017JVSTB..35d0801Q. doi:10.1116/1.4983210. ISSN 2166-2746.
^ Laurence Knight (14 June 2014). "Vanadium: The metal that may soon be powering your neighbourhood". BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ Alotto, P.; Guarnieri, M.; Moro, F. (2014). "Redox Flow Batteries for the storage of renewable energy: a review". Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 29: 325–335. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.001. hdl:11577/2682306.
^ James Purtill (2 February 2023). "Vanadium redox flow batteries can provide cheap, large-scale grid energy storage. Here's how they work". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 June 2023.

[1] Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria; Kasherman, D.; Hong, D.R.; Kazacos, M. (September 1991). "Characteristics and performance of 1 kW UNSW vanadium redox battery". Journal of Power Sources. 35 (4): 399–404. Bibcode:1991JPS....35..399S. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(91)80058-6.

[Skyllas-2] M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychcik and R. Robins, in AU Patent 575247 (1986), to Unisearch Ltd.

[3] Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030. IRENA (2017), Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.

[4] Qi, Zhaoxiang; Koenig, Gary M. (July 2017). "Review Article: Flow battery systems with solid electroactive materials". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena. 35 (4): 040801. Bibcode:2017JVSTB..35d0801Q. doi:10.1116/1.4983210. ISSN 2166-2746.

[:1-5] Laurence Knight (14 June 2014). "Vanadium: The metal that may soon be powering your neighbourhood". BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2015.

[6] Alotto, P.; Guarnieri, M.; Moro, F. (2014). "Redox Flow Batteries for the storage of renewable energy: a review". Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 29: 325–335. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.001. hdl:11577/2682306.

[7] James Purtill (2 February 2023). "Vanadium redox flow batteries can provide cheap, large-scale grid energy storage. Here's how they work". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 June 2023.

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