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Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and produced by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments.[2][3][4]
These deposits are also sometimes called volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The density generally is 4500 kg/m3. They are predominantly stratiform accumulations of sulfide minerals that precipitate from hydrothermal fluids on or below the seafloor in a wide range of ancient and modern geological settings. In modern oceans they are synonymous with sulfurous plumes called black smokers.
They occur within environments dominated by volcanic or volcanic derived (e.g., volcano-sedimentary) rocks, and the deposits are coeval and coincident with the formation of said volcanic rocks. As a class, they represent a significant source of the world's copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver ores, with cobalt, tin, barium, sulfur, selenium, manganese, cadmium, indium, bismuth, tellurium, gallium and germanium as co- or by-products.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are forming today on the seafloor around undersea volcanoes along many mid ocean ridges, and within back-arc basins and forearc rifts. Mineral exploration companies are exploring for seafloor massive sulfide deposits; however, most exploration is concentrated in the search for land-based equivalents of these deposits.
The close association with volcanic rocks and eruptive centers sets VMS deposits apart from similar ore deposit types which share similar source, transport and trap processes. Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are distinctive in that ore deposits are formed in close temporal association with submarine volcanism and are formed by hydrothermal circulation and exhalation of sulfides which are independent of sedimentary processes, which sets VMS deposits apart from sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits.
There is a subclass of VMS deposits, the volcanic- and sediment-hosted massive sulfide (VSHMS) deposits, that do share characteristics that are hybrid between the VMS and SEDEX deposits. Notable examples of this class include the deposits of the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada (e.g., Brunswick #12);[5] the deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal and Spain, and the Wolverine deposit, Yukon, Canada.
- ^ Hannington, M.D. (2014). "Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits". Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition). 13: 463–488. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01120-7. ISBN 9780080983004.
- ^ Colín-García, M., A. Heredia,G. Cordero, A. Camprubí, A. Negrón-Mendoza, F. Ortega-Gutiérrez, H. Beraldi, S. Ramos-Bernal. (2016). "Hydrothermal vents and prebiotic chemistry: a review". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 68 (3): 599‒620. doi:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a13.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Galley, Alan G.; Hannington, M. D.; Jonasson, I. R. (2007). "Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits" (PDF). Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication. 5: 141–161.[dead link]
- ^ Mercier-Langevin, P.; Gibson, H. L.; Hannington, M. D.; Goutier, J.; Monecke, T.; Dube, B.; Houle, M. G. (2014). "A Special Issue on Archean Magmatism, Volcanism, and Ore Deposits: Part 2. Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits Preface". Economic Geology. 109 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2014EcGeo.109....1M. doi:10.2113/econgeo.109.1.1.
- ^ "nbm-mnb.ca: "Magnificent Rocks - Brunswick Mines, Bathurst"". Archived from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
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