Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Super heavy-lift launch vehicles, to scale
Class overview
Name	Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
Operators	Various space organisations
Preceded by	Heavy-lift launch vehicle
Built	1967–
On order	Falcon Heavy Space Launch System
Building	Starship Long March 9 Long March 10 Yenisei
Retired	Saturn V Energia N1
General characteristics
Propulsion	Various liquid-fueled engines and solid motors
Capacity	>50 metric tons (NASA) >100 metric tons (Russia)

A super heavy-lift launch vehicle is a rocket that can lift to low Earth orbit a "super heavy payload", which is defined as more than 50 metric tons (110,000 lb) ^[1][2] by the United States and as more than 100 metric tons (220,000 lb) by Russia.^[3] It is the most capable launch vehicle classification by mass to orbit, exceeding that of the heavy-lift launch vehicle classification.

Only 14 such payloads were successfully launched before 2022: 12 as part of the Apollo program before 1972 and two Energia launches, in 1987 and 1988. Most planned crewed lunar and interplanetary missions depend on these launch vehicles.

Many early super heavy-lift launch vehicle concepts were produced in the 1960s, including the Sea Dragon. During the Space Race, the Saturn V and N1 were built by the United States and Soviet Union, respectively. After the Saturn V's successful Apollo program and the N1's failures, the Soviets' Energia launched twice in the 1980s, once bearing the Buran spaceplane. The next two decades saw multiple concepts drawn out once again, most notably Space Shuttle-derived vehicles and Rus-M, but none were built. In the 2010s, super heavy-lift launch vehicles received interest once again, leading to the launch of the Falcon Heavy, the Space Launch System, and Starship, and the beginning of development of the Long March and Yenisei rockets.