J. C. R. Licklider

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider
Licklider c. 1950
Born	(1915-03-11)March 11, 1915 St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Died	June 26, 1990(1990-06-26) (aged 75) Symmes Hospital, Arlington, Massachusetts, US
Other names	J. C. R Lick "Computing's Johnny Appleseed"
Known for	Cybernetics/Interactive computing "Intergalactic Computer Network" (Internet) Artificial Intelligence Psychoacoustics
Spouse	Louise Carpenter
Children	2
Academic background
Education	Washington University in St. Louis University of Rochester
Academic work
Doctoral students	Dalbir Bindra[1]
Influenced	Jerome I. Elkind[2]

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (/ˈlɪklaɪdər/; March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), known simply as J. C. R. or "Lick", was an American psychologist^[3] and computer scientist who is considered to be among the most prominent figures in computer science development and general computing history.

He is particularly remembered for being one of the first to foresee modern-style interactive computing and its application to all manner of activities; and also as an Internet pioneer with an early vision of a worldwide computer network long before it was built. He did much to initiate this by funding research that led to significant advances in computing technology, including today's canonical graphical user interface, and the ARPANET, which is the direct predecessor of the Internet.

He has been called "computing's Johnny Appleseed", for planting the seeds of computing in the digital age. Robert Taylor, founder of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory and Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center, noted that "most of the significant advances in computer technology—including the work that my group did at Xerox PARC—were simply extrapolations of Lick's vision. They were not really new visions of their own. So he was really the father of it all".^[4]

This quotation from the full-length biography of him, The Dream Machine by M. Mitchell Waldrop, gives some sense of his impact:

"More than a decade will pass before personal computers emerge from the garages of Silicon Valley, and a full thirty years before the Internet explosion of the 1990s. The word computer still has an ominous tone, conjuring up the image of a huge, intimidating device hidden away in an over-lit, air-conditioned basement, relentlessly processing punch cards for some large institution: them.

"Yet, sitting in a nondescript office in McNamara's Pentagon, a quiet...civilian is already planning the revolution that will change forever the way computers are perceived. Somehow, the occupant of that office...has seen a future in which computers will empower individuals, instead of forcing them into rigid conformity. He is almost alone in his conviction that computers can become not just super-fast calculating machines, but joyful machines: tools that will serve as new media of expression, inspirations to creativity, and gateways to a vast world of online information."^[4]