Isotopes of calcium

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Calcium (₂₀Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from ³⁵Ca to ⁶⁰Ca. There are five stable isotopes (⁴⁰Ca, ⁴²Ca, ⁴³Ca, ⁴⁴Ca and ⁴⁶Ca), plus one isotope (⁴⁸Ca) with such a long half-life that it is for all practical purposes stable. The most abundant isotope, ⁴⁰Ca, as well as the rare ⁴⁶Ca, are theoretically unstable on energetic grounds, but their decay has not been observed. Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, ⁴¹Ca, with half-life 99,400 years. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the air, ⁴¹Ca is produced by neutron activation of ⁴⁰Ca. Most of its production is in the upper metre of the soil column, where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still strong enough. ⁴¹Ca has received much attention in stellar studies because it decays to ⁴¹K, a critical indicator of solar system anomalies. The most stable artificial isotopes are ⁴⁵Ca with half-life 163 days and ⁴⁷Ca with half-life 4.5 days. All other calcium isotopes have half-lives of minutes or less.^[4]

⁴⁰Ca comprises about 97% of natural calcium. ⁴⁰Ca, like ⁴⁰Ar, is a decay product of ⁴⁰K. While K–Ar dating has been used extensively in the geological sciences, the prevalence of ⁴⁰Ca in nature has impeded its use in dating. Techniques using mass spectrometry and a double spike isotope dilution have been used for K–Ca age dating.