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Hypovolemia

Hypovolemia
Other namesOligemia, hypovolaemia, oligaemia, hypovolæmia, volume depletion
A diagram showing the formation of interstitial fluid from the bloodstream
SpecialtyEmergency medicine
SymptomsHeadache, fatigue, nausea, profuse sweating, dizziness
ComplicationsHypovolemic shock
Differential diagnosisDehydration

Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body.[1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume.[2][3] Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration.[4]

Hypovolemia is caused by a variety of events, but these can be simplified into two categories: those that are associated with kidney function and those that are not.[5] The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia worsen as the amount of fluid lost increases.[6] Immediately or shortly after mild fluid loss (from blood donation, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding from trauma, etc.), one may experience headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, or thirst. Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock.[7] Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include increased heart rate, low blood pressure, pale or cold skin, and altered mental status. When these signs are seen, immediate action should be taken to restore the lost volume.

  1. ^ McGee S (2018). Evidence-based physical diagnosis. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-39276-1. OCLC 959371826. The term hypovolemia refers collectively to two distinct disorders: (1) volume depletion, which describes the loss of sodium from the extracellular space (i.e., intravascular and interstitial fluid) that occurs during gastrointestinal hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis; and (2) dehydration, which refers to the loss of intracellular water (and total body water) that ultimately causes cellular desiccation and elevates the plasma sodium concentration and osmolality.
  2. ^ "Hypovolemia definition – MedicineNet". Medterms.com. 2012-03-19. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  3. ^ "Hypovolemia | definition of hypovolemia by Medical dictionary". Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  4. ^ Bhave G, Neilson EG (August 2011). "Volume depletion versus dehydration: how understanding the difference can guide therapy". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 58 (2): 302–09. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.02.395. PMC 4096820. PMID 21705120.
  5. ^ Jameson, J. Larry; Kasper, Dennis L.; Longo, Dan L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Loscalzo, Joseph, eds. (2018). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (20th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259644030. OCLC 1029074059.
  6. ^ "Hypovolemic shock: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  7. ^ Kolecki P (October 13, 2016). "Hypovolemic Shock". Medscape.

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