Back تشكل البنية Arabic কাঠামো গঠন Bengali/Bangla Formació d'estructures Catalan Formación de estructuras Spanish تشکیل ساختار Persian Rakenteen muodostuminen Finnish Formation des structures French צפיפות היקום HE Formação estrutural Portuguese Structura și arhitectura universului Romanian
| Part of a series on |
| Physical cosmology |
|---|
 |
In physical cosmology, structure formation describes the creation of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and larger structures via gravitational and hydrodynamic processes operating on cosmological inhomogeneities.[1]: 458 The universe, as is now known from observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, began in a hot, dense, nearly uniform state approximately 13.8 billion years ago.[2] However, looking at the night sky today, structures on all scales can be seen, from stars and planets to galaxies. On even larger scales, galaxy clusters and sheet-like structures of galaxies are separated by enormous voids containing few galaxies.[3] Structure formation applies models of gravitational instability to small ripples in mass density to predict these shapes.[4]: 6
The modern Lambda-CDM model is successful at predicting the observed large-scale distribution of galaxies, clusters and voids; but on the scale of individual galaxies there are many complications due to highly nonlinear processes involving baryonic physics, gas heating and cooling, star formation and feedback. Understanding the processes of galaxy formation is a major topic of modern cosmology research, both via observations such as the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field and via large computer simulations.
- ^ Peacock, J. A., ed. (1998). "Dynamics of structure formation". Cosmological Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 457–494. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804533.016. ISBN 978-0-521-42270-3.
- ^ "Cosmic Detectives". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
- ^ Einasto, J.; Longair, M.S. (1978). "The Large Scale Structure of the Universe Symposium". Large Scale Structures in the Universe. 79. Reidel: 247. Bibcode:1978IAUS...79..241J.
- ^ Liddle, Andrew; David Lyth (2000). Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-57598-0.
© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search