Sodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate
Names
	IUPAC name Sodium carbonate
	Other names Soda ash, washing soda, soda crystals, sodium trioxocarbonate
Identifiers
CAS Number	497-19-8 (anhydrous) ; 5968-11-6 (monohydrate) ; 6132-02-1 (decahydrate) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:29377 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL186314 ;
ChemSpider	9916 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.127
EC Number	207-838-8;
E number	E500(i) (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID	10340;
RTECS number	VZ4050000;
UNII	45P3261C7T ; 2A1Q1Q3557 (monohydrate) ; LS505BG22I (decahydrate) ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1029621 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2+1/p-2 Key: CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/NaHCO3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2+1/p-2 Key: CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-NUQVWONBAP;
	SMILES [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	Na2CO3
Molar mass	105.9888 g/mol (anhydrous); 286.1416 g/mol (decahydrate)
Appearance	White solid, hygroscopic
Odor	Odorless
Density	2.54 g/cm3 (25 °C, anhydrous); 1.92 g/cm3 (856 °C); 2.25 g/cm3 (monohydrate); 1.51 g/cm3 (heptahydrate); 1.46 g/cm3 (decahydrate);
Melting point	851 °C (1,564 °F; 1,124 K) (Anhydrous); 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K); decomposes (monohydrate); 33.5 °C (92.3 °F; 306.6 K); decomposes (heptahydrate); 34 °C (93 °F; 307 K); (decahydrate)
Solubility in water	Anhydrous, g/100 mL: 7 (0 °C); 16.4 (15 °C); 34.07 (27.8 °C); 48.69 (34.8 °C); 48.1 (41.9 °C); 45.62 (60 °C); 43.6 (100 °C);
Solubility	Soluble in aq. alkalis, glycerol; Slightly soluble in aq. alcohol; Insoluble in CS2, acetone, alkyl acetates, alcohol, benzonitrile, liquid ammonia
Solubility in glycerine	98.3 g/100 g (155 °C)
Solubility in ethanediol	3.46 g/100 g (20 °C)
Solubility in dimethylformamide	0.5 g/kg
Acidity (pKa)	10.33
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−4.1·10−5 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.485 (anhydrous); 1.420 (monohydrate); 1.405 (decahydrate)
Viscosity	3.4 cP (887 °C)
Structure
Crystal structure	Monoclinic (γ-form, β-form, δ-form, anhydrous); Orthorhombic (monohydrate, heptahydrate)
Space group	C2/m, No. 12 (γ-form, anhydrous, 170 K); C2/m, No. 12 (β-form, anhydrous, 628 K); P21/n, No. 14 (δ-form, anhydrous, 110 K); Pca21, No. 29 (monohydrate); Pbca, No. 61 (heptahydrate)
Point group	2/m (γ-form, β-form, δ-form, anhydrous); mm2 (monohydrate); 2/m 2/m 2/m (heptahydrate)
Lattice constant	a = 8.920(7) Å, b = 5.245(5) Å, c = 6.050(5) Å (γ-form, anhydrous, 295 K) α = 90°, β = 101.35(8)°, γ = 90°
Coordination geometry	Octahedral (Na+, anhydrous)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	112.3 J/mol·K
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	135 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−1130.7 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)	−1044.4 kJ/mol
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Irritant
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H319
Precautionary statements	P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 0
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	4090 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium bicarbonate
Other cations	Lithium carbonate; Potassium carbonate; Rubidium carbonate; Cesium carbonate
Related compounds	Sodium sesquicarbonate; Sodium percarbonate
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂CO₃ and its various hydrates. All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield alkaline solutions in water. Historically, it was extracted from the ashes of plants grown in sodium-rich soils, and because the ashes of these sodium-rich plants were noticeably different from ashes of wood (once used to produce potash), sodium carbonate became known as "soda ash".^[12] It is produced in large quantities from sodium chloride and limestone by the Solvay process, as well as by carbonating sodium hydroxide which is made using the Chlor-alkali process.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Harper, J. P. (1936). Antipov, Evgeny; Bismayer, Ulrich; Huppertz, Hubert; Petrícek, Václav; Pöttgen, Rainer; Schmahl, Wolfgang; Tiekink, E. R. T.; Zou, Xiaodong (eds.). "Crystal Structure of Sodium Carbonate Monohydrate, Na₂CO₃. H₂O". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials. 95 (1): 266–273. doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.95.1.266. ISSN 2196-7105. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
^ ^a ^b Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 633.
^ ^a ^b Comey, Arthur Messinger; Hahn, Dorothy A. (February 1921). A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities: Inorganic (2nd ed.). New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. 208–209.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "sodium carbonate". chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
^ ^a ^b Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. p. 861. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dusek, Michal; Chapuis, Gervais; Meyer, Mathias; Petricek, Vaclav (2003). "Sodium carbonate revisited" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 59 (3): 337–352. Bibcode:2003AcCrB..59..337D. doi:10.1107/S0108768103009017. ISSN 0108-7681. PMID 12761404. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Betzel, C.; Saenger, W.; Loewus, D. (1982). "Sodium Carbonate Heptahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 38 (11): 2802–2804. Bibcode:1982AcCrB..38.2802B. doi:10.1107/S0567740882009996.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium carbonate. Retrieved on 2014-05-06.
^ Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus - 497-19-8 - CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L - Sodium carbonate [NF] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information".
^ "Material Safety Data Sheet – Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous" (PDF). conservationsupportsystems.com. ConservationSupportSystems. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
^ "Soda Ash Statistics and Information". United States Geographical Survey. Retrieved 2024-03-03.

[cod-1] Harper, J. P. (1936). Antipov, Evgeny; Bismayer, Ulrich; Huppertz, Hubert; Petrícek, Václav; Pöttgen, Rainer; Schmahl, Wolfgang; Tiekink, E. R. T.; Zou, Xiaodong (eds.). "Crystal Structure of Sodium Carbonate Monohydrate, Na₂CO₃. H₂O". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials. 95 (1): 266–273. doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.95.1.266. ISSN 2196-7105. Retrieved 2014-07-25.

[crc-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.

[sioc-3] Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 633.

[doc00-4] Comey, Arthur Messinger; Hahn, Dorothy A. (February 1921). A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities: Inorganic (2nd ed.). New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. 208–209.

[chemister-5] Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "sodium carbonate". chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-25.

[pphoic-6] Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. p. 861. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.

[scr-7] Dusek, Michal; Chapuis, Gervais; Meyer, Mathias; Petricek, Vaclav (2003). "Sodium carbonate revisited" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 59 (3): 337–352. Bibcode:2003AcCrB..59..337D. doi:10.1107/S0108768103009017. ISSN 0108-7681. PMID 12761404. Retrieved 2014-07-25.

[7h2o-8] Betzel, C.; Saenger, W.; Loewus, D. (1982). "Sodium Carbonate Heptahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 38 (11): 2802–2804. Bibcode:1982AcCrB..38.2802B. doi:10.1107/S0567740882009996.

[sigma-9] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium carbonate. Retrieved on 2014-05-06.

[10] Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus - 497-19-8 - CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L - Sodium carbonate [NF] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information".

[css-11] "Material Safety Data Sheet – Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous" (PDF). conservationsupportsystems.com. ConservationSupportSystems. Retrieved 2014-07-25.

[12] "Soda Ash Statistics and Information". United States Geographical Survey. Retrieved 2024-03-03.

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