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Russia supported the Ba'athist administration of former President Bashar al-Assad of Syria from the onset of the Syrian conflict in 2011: politically, with military aid, and (from September 2015 to December 2024) with direct military involvement. The 2015 deployment to Syria marked the first time since the end of the Cold War in 1991 that Russia entered an armed conflict outside the borders of the former Soviet Union.[1]
From October 2011, Russia, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, repeatedly vetoed Western-sponsored draft resolutions in the UN Security Council that demanded the resignation of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and would thereby open the possibility of United Nations sanctions against his government.[2][3] The Russian leadership rejects the demands of Western powers and their Arab allies that Bashar al-Assad should not be allowed to be a participant in the Syria settlement.[4][5][6] In January and February 2012, the opposition Syrian National Council[7] and the Western powers[8] dismissed Russian peace initiatives.
In September 2015 the Federation Council, (the upper house of Russia's parliament) authorized the Russian president to use armed forces in Syria.[9] Russian air and missile strikes began targeting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Army of Conquest, al-Nusra Front, and the Free Syrian Army.[6][10] Russia has also provided armament and air support to Turkey. Russian military delivered 5 tons of ammunition and weapons to the People's Defense Units (part of the Syrian Democratic Forces) in Sheikh Maqsoud in their operations against ISIL in Syria.[11][12]
During the course of the Russian intervention, Russia moved beyond bombing just military targets and began bombing hospitals and medical facilities.[13] According to Airwars, between four and six thousand civilians were killed by the Russian Military actions.[14][15] Due to this, Russia's seat at the UN Human Rights Council was taken away in October 2016.[16] A report by Airwars found a 34% increase in incidents of civilian harm caused by Russia during the first six months of 2018 compared to 2017.[15]
- ^ Tsvetkova, Maria; Zverev, Anton (3 November 2016). "Ghost soldiers: the Russians secretly dying for the Kremlin in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ "Russian vetoes are putting UN security council's legitimacy at risk, says US". The Guardian. 23 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Russia has used its veto powers four times to block resolutions on Syria that Moscow sees as damaging to its ally, the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Itar-Tass27-1-12was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
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guard.9Ocwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Syrian crisis: Russia air strikes 'strengthen IS'". BBC News. 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Russia says Syria agrees to peace talks with opposition amid mounting pressures". Al Arabiya. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ^ Borger, Julian (15 September 2015). "West 'ignored Russian offer in 2012 to have Syria's Assad step aside'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Weir, Fred (14 October 2015). "Why isn't Russia singling out ISIS in Syria? Because it never said it would". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ Hubbard, Ben (1 October 2015). "A Look at the Army of Conquest, a Prominent Rebel Alliance in Syria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric (9 January 2017). "Airstrikes by Russia Buttress Turkey in Battle vs. ISIS". New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ Solmaz, Mehmet. "Russia-Turkey row visible in northern Syria". Orient-news.net. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ Russian hand seen behind increased bombing of Syrian hospitals Archived 16 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. NBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Russian Military in Syria". Airwars. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ a b Syria conflict: 34% rise in civilian deaths caused by Russian airstrikes, report finds Archived 16 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Independent. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ Russia Loses Seat at the UN Human Rights Council Archived 16 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
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