Back روح الله الخميني Arabic روح الله الخمينى ARZ Ruhollah Khomeini AST Хумейни, РухӀулла AV Ruhullah Xomeyni Azerbaijani سید روحالله خمینی AZB Хөмәйни Рухаллаһ Мусауи Bashkir Рухала Мусаві Хамейні Byelorussian Рухала Мусаві Хамэйні BE-X-OLD Рухолах Хомейни Bulgarian
Ruhollah Khomeini | |
|---|---|
روحالله خمینی | |
 Official portrait, 1981 | |
| 1st Supreme Leader of Iran | |
| In office 3 December 1979 – 3 June 1989 | |
| President |
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| Prime Minister |
|
| Deputy | Hussein-Ali Montazeri (1985–1989) |
| Preceded by | Himself (as Head of State) |
| Succeeded by | Ali Khamenei |
| Head of State of Iran[b] | |
| De facto 5 February 1979[a] – 3 December 1979 | |
| Prime Minister |
|
| Preceded by | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (as Shah) |
| Succeeded by | Himself (as Supreme Leader) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi 17 May 1900[c] Khomeyn, Markazi, Sublime State of Persia |
| Died | 3 June 1989 (aged 89) Tehran, Iran |
| Resting place | Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 7, including Mostafa, Zahra, Farideh, and Ahmad |
| Relatives | Khomeini family |
| Education | Qom Seminary |
| Signature |  |
| Website | imam-khomeini |
| Notable idea(s) | New advance of guardianship |
| Notable work(s) | |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Twelver Shi'a[1] |
| Jurisprudence | Ja'fari |
| Creed | Usuli |
| Muslim leader | |
| Teacher | Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi |
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Personal 1st Supreme Leader of Iran |
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| Styles of Ruhollah Khomeini | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reference style | Eminent marji' al-taqlid, Ayatullah al-Uzma Imam Khumayni[2] |
| Spoken style | Imam Khomeini[3] |
| Religious style | Ayatullah al-Uzma Ruhollah Khomeini[3] |
Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini[d] (17 May 1900[c] – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian cleric, politician, and revolutionary who founded the Islamic Republic of Iran. He served as its supreme leader from 1979 until his death in 1989. Khomeini was the central figure of the Iranian Revolution, which overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and transformed Iran into a theocratic Islamic republic.
Born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi province, his father was murdered when Khomeini was two years old. He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age assisted by his relatives. Khomeini became a high ranking cleric in Twelver Shi'ism, an ayatollah, a marja' ("source of emulation"), a mujtahid or faqīh (an expert in fiqh), and author of more than 40 books. His opposition to the White Revolution resulted in his state-sponsored expulsion to Bursa in 1964. Nearly a year later, he moved to Najaf, where speeches he gave outlining his religiopolitical theory of Guardianship of the Jurist were compiled into Islamic Government.
After the success of the Iranian Revolution, Khomeini served as the country's de facto head of state from February 1979 until his appointment as supreme leader in December of that same year. Khomeini was Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence and in the next decade was described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture". He was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis; his fatwa calling for the murder of British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie for Rushdie's description of Islamic prophet Muhammad in his novel The Satanic Verses, which Khomeini considered blasphemous; pursuing the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq War; and for referring to the United States as the "Great Satan" and Israel as the "Little Satan".
The subject of a pervasive cult of personality, Khomeini held the title Ayatollah and is officially known as Imam Khomeini inside Iran and by his supporters internationally.[4] His state funeral was attended by up to 10 million people, one fifth of Iran's population, and is considered the second-largest funeral in history. In Iran, he is legally considered "inviolable"—insulting him is punishable with imprisonment; his gold-domed tomb in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahra cemetery has become a shrine for his adherents. His supporters view him as a champion of Islamic revival, independence, anti-imperialism, and resistance to foreign influence in Iran. Critics have criticized him for anti-Western and anti-Semitic rhetoric, anti-democratic actions, human rights violations including the 1988 execution of thousands of Iranian political prisoners, and for using child soldiers extensively during the Iran–Iraq War for human wave attacks.[5][6][7][8]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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- Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Mirza, Mahan, eds. (2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-1-4008-3855-4.
- Malise Ruthven (2004). Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning (Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-19-151738-9.
- Jebnoun, Noureddine; Kia, Mehrdad; Kirk, Mimi, eds. (2013). Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-135-00731-7.
- ^ "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Chapter 1, Article 1". Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
awas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Ayatollah Khomeini (1900–1989)". BBC – History. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Overton, Iain (13 April 2019). "How a 13-year-old boy became the first modern suicide bomber". gq-magazine.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ Fard, Erfan (16 April 2021). "Antisemitism Is Inseparable from Khomeinism". besacenter.org. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Iran and the "Great Satan"". theweek.com. 17 February 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Iranian Revolution | Summary, Causes, Effects, & Facts". britannica.com. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
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