Back Philae (sonda espacial) AN فيلة (مسبار فضائي) Arabic Fila (enmə aparatı) Azerbaijani Філы (спускальны апарат) Byelorussian Філы (касьмічны апарат) BE-X-OLD Филе (спускаем апарат) Bulgarian ফিলে (মহাকাশযান) Bengali/Bangla Philae (lander) BS Philae (mòdul de descens) Catalan Philae (sonda) Czech

Philae (spacecraft)

Philae
Illustration of Philae
Mission typeComet lander
OperatorEuropean Space Agency / DLR
COSPAR ID2004-006C Edit this at Wikidata
Websitewww.esa.int/rosetta
Mission durationPlanned: 1–6 weeks
Active: 12–14 November 2014
Hibernation: 15 November 2014 – 13 June 2015
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerDLR / MPS / CNES / ASI
Launch mass100 kg (220 lb)[1]
Payload mass21 kg (46 lb)[1]
Dimensions1 × 1 × 0.8 m (3.3 × 3.3 × 2.6 ft)[1]
Power32 watts at 3 AU[2]
Start of mission
Launch date2 March 2004, 07:17 (2004-03-02UTC07:17) UTC
RocketAriane 5G+ V-158
Launch siteKourou ELA-3
ContractorArianespace
End of mission
Last contact9 July 2015, 18:07 (2015-07-09UTC18:08) UTC
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko lander
Landing date12 November 2014, 17:32 UTC[3]
Landing siteAbydos[4]
 

Philae (/ˈfaɪliː/[6] or /ˈfiːleɪ/[7]) was a robotic European Space Agency lander that accompanied the Rosetta spacecraft[8][9] until it separated to land on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, ten years and eight months after departing Earth.[10][11][12] On 12 November 2014, Philae touched down on the comet, but it bounced when its anchoring harpoons failed to deploy and a thruster designed to hold the probe to the surface did not fire.[13] After bouncing off the surface twice, Philae achieved the first-ever "soft" (nondestructive) landing on a comet nucleus,[14][15][16] although the lander's final, uncontrolled touchdown left it in a non-optimal location and orientation.[17]

Despite the landing problems, the probe's instruments obtained the first images from a comet's surface.[18] Several of the instruments on Philae made the first in-situ analysis of a comet nucleus, sending back data regarding the composition of the surface and outgassing from the subsurface.[19] In October 2020, scientific journal Nature published an article revealing what Philae had discovered while it was operational on the surface of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.[20]

On 15 November 2014 Philae entered safe mode, or hibernation, after its batteries ran down due to reduced sunlight and an off-nominal spacecraft orientation at the crash site. Mission controllers hoped that additional sunlight on the solar panels might be sufficient to reboot the lander.[21] Philae communicated sporadically with Rosetta from 13 June to 9 July 2015,[22][23][24] but contact was then lost. The lander's location was known to within a few tens of metres but it could not be seen. Its location was finally identified in photographs taken by Rosetta on 2 September 2016 as the orbiter was sent on orbits closer to the comet. The now-silent Philae was lying on its side in a deep crack in the shadow of a cliff. Knowledge of its location would help in interpretation of the images it had sent.[4][25] On 30 September 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft ended its mission by crashing in the comet's Ma'at region.[26]

The lander is named after the Philae obelisk, which bears a bilingual inscription and was used along with the Rosetta Stone to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs. Philae was monitored and operated from DLR's Lander Control Center in Cologne, Germany.[27]

  1. ^ a b c "Philae". National Space Science Data Center. 2004-006C. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  2. ^ "Philae lander fact sheets" (PDF). German Aerospace Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  3. ^ "Three Touchdowns For Rosetta's Lander" (Press release). European Space Agency. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Philae found!" (Press release). European Space Agency. 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  5. ^ "Lander Instruments". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  6. ^ "philae". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  7. ^ Gilbert, Dave (12 November 2014). "Space probe scores a 310-million-mile bull's-eye with comet landing". CNN. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  8. ^ Chang, Kenneth (5 August 2014). "Rosetta Spacecraft Set for Unprecedented Close Study of a Comet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  9. ^ "Opinion: In Pursuit of an Oddly Shaped Comet". The New York Times. 23 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  10. ^ Ulamec, S.; Espinasse, S.; Feuerbacher, B.; Hilchenbach, M.; Moura, D.; et al. (April 2006). "Rosetta Lander—Philae: Implications of an alternative mission". Acta Astronautica. 58 (8): 435–441. Bibcode:2006AcAau..58..435U. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.12.009.
  11. ^ Biele, Jens (June 2002). "The Experiments Onboard the ROSETTA Lander". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 90 (1–4): 445–458. Bibcode:2002EM&P...90..445B. doi:10.1023/A:1021523227314. S2CID 189900125.
  12. ^ Agle, D. C.; Cook, Jia-Rui; Brown, Dwayne; Bauer, Markus (17 January 2014). "Rosetta: To Chase a Comet" (Press release). NASA. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference newsciprob20141113 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Agle, D. C.; Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne; Bauer, Markus (12 November 2014). "Rosetta's 'Philae' Makes Historic First Landing on a Comet" (Press release). NASA. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  15. ^ Chang, Kenneth (12 November 2014). "European Space Agency's Spacecraft Lands on Comet's Surface". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  16. ^ Withnall, Adam (13 November 2014). "Philae lander 'bounced twice' on comet but is now stable, Rosetta mission scientists confirm". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  17. ^ Amos, Jonathan (13 November 2014). "Rosetta: Battery will limit life of Philae comet lander". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  18. ^ "Europe's comet chaser". European Space Agency. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  19. ^ "Pioneering Philae completes main mission before hibernation" (Press release). European Space Agency. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  20. ^ O'Rourke, Laurence; Heinisch, Philip; Sierks, Holger (28 October 2020). "The Philae lander reveals low-strength primitive ice inside cometary boulders" (PDF). Nature. 586 (7831): 697–701. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..697O. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2834-3. PMID 33116289. S2CID 226044338. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  21. ^ Brumfield, Ben; Carter, Chelsea J. (18 November 2014). "On a comet 10 years away, Philae conks out, maybe for good". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  22. ^ Biever, Celeste; Gibney, Elizabeth (14 June 2015). "Philae comet lander wakes up and phones home" (PDF). Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17756. S2CID 182262028. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2024.
  23. ^ "Comet lander Philae awakes from hibernation". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 14 June 2015. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  24. ^ Baldwin, Emily (20 July 2015). "Rosetta and Philae status update". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  25. ^ Victor, Daniel (5 September 2016). "No Longer Missing: Rosetta's Philae Spacecraft Located on Comet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  26. ^ Gannon, Megan (30 September 2016). "Goodbye, Rosetta! Spacecraft Crash-Lands on Comet in Epic Mission Finale". Space.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  27. ^ "Rosetta Lander Control Center". German Aerospace Center. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2015.

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