Perovskite (structure)

Structure of a perovskite with general chemical formula ABX₃. The red spheres are X atoms (usually oxygens), the blue spheres are B atoms (a smaller metal cation, such as Ti⁴⁺), and the green spheres are the A atoms (a larger metal cation, such as Ca²⁺). Pictured is the undistorted cubic structure; the symmetry is lowered to orthorhombic, tetragonal or trigonal in many perovskites.^[1]

A perovskite is any material with a crystal structure following the formula ABX₃, which was first discovered as the mineral called perovskite, which consists of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO₃).^[2] The mineral was first discovered in the Ural mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski (1792–1856). 'A' and 'B' are two positively charged ions (i.e. cations), often of very different sizes, and X is a negatively charged ion (an anion, frequently oxide) that bonds to both cations. The 'A' atoms are generally larger than the 'B' atoms. The ideal cubic structure has the B cation in 6-fold coordination, surrounded by an octahedron of anions, and the A cation in 12-fold cuboctahedral coordination. Additional perovskite forms may exist where either/both the A and B sites have a configuration of A1_x-1A2_x and/or B1_y-1B2_y and the X may deviate from the ideal coordination configuration as ions within the A and B sites undergo changes in their oxidation states.^[3]

As one of the most abundant structural families, perovskites are found in an enormous number of compounds which have wide-ranging properties, applications and importance.^[4] Natural compounds with this structure are perovskite, loparite, and the silicate perovskite bridgmanite.^[2]^[5] Since the 2009 discovery of perovskite solar cells, which contain methylammonium lead halide perovskites, there has been considerable research interest into perovskite materials.^[6]

^ A. Navrotsky (1998). "Energetics and Crystal Chemical Systematics among Ilmenite, Lithium Niobate, and Perovskite Structures". Chem. Mater. 10 (10): 2787. doi:10.1021/cm9801901.
^ ^a ^b Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrei (2004). Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52958-7.
^ N. Orlovskaya, N. Browning, ed. (2003). Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting Perovskites for Advanced Energy Systems.
^ Artini, Cristina (2017-02-01). "Crystal chemistry, stability and properties of interlanthanide perovskites: A review". Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 37 (2): 427–440. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.08.041. ISSN 0955-2219.
^ Bridgemanite on Mindat.org
^ Fan, Zhen; Sun, Kuan; Wang, John (2015-09-15). "Perovskites for photovoltaics: a combined review of organic–inorganic halide perovskites and ferroelectric oxide perovskites". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3 (37): 18809–18828. doi:10.1039/C5TA04235F. ISSN 2050-7496.

[1] A. Navrotsky (1998). "Energetics and Crystal Chemical Systematics among Ilmenite, Lithium Niobate, and Perovskite Structures". Chem. Mater. 10 (10): 2787. doi:10.1021/cm9801901.

[Min-2] Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrei (2004). Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52958-7.

[3] N. Orlovskaya, N. Browning, ed. (2003). Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting Perovskites for Advanced Energy Systems.

[4] Artini, Cristina (2017-02-01). "Crystal chemistry, stability and properties of interlanthanide perovskites: A review". Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 37 (2): 427–440. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.08.041. ISSN 0955-2219.

[Mindat-5] Bridgemanite on Mindat.org

[6] Fan, Zhen; Sun, Kuan; Wang, John (2015-09-15). "Perovskites for photovoltaics: a combined review of organic–inorganic halide perovskites and ferroelectric oxide perovskites". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3 (37): 18809–18828. doi:10.1039/C5TA04235F. ISSN 2050-7496.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]