Open science

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Open science

Pillars of the Open Science according to UNESCO's 2021 Open Science recommendation.[1]
Country	Worldwide
Major figures	UNESCO
Influences	Open access, Open source movement, Creative Commons licenses, Sci-Hub, Wikimedia movement.
Influenced	Academia worldwide

Open science is the movement to make scientific research (including publications, data, physical samples, and software) and its dissemination accessible to all levels of society, amateur or professional.^[2][3] Open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.^[4] It encompasses practices such as publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open-notebook science (such as openly sharing data and code^[5]), broader dissemination and engagement in science^[6] and generally making it easier to publish, access and communicate scientific knowledge.

Usage of the term varies substantially across disciplines, with a notable prevalence in the STEM disciplines. Open research is often used quasi-synonymously to address the gap that the denotion of "science" might have regarding an inclusion of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. The primary focus connecting all disciplines is the widespread uptake of new technologies and tools, and the underlying ecology of the production, dissemination and reception of knowledge from a research-based point-of-view.^[7][8]

As Tennant et al. (2020)^[9] note, the term open science "implicitly seems only to regard ‘scientific’ disciplines, whereas open scholarship can be considered to include research from the Arts and Humanities,^[10][11] as well as the different roles and practices that researchers perform as educators and communicators, and an underlying open philosophy of sharing knowledge beyond research communities."

Open science can be seen as a continuation of, rather than a revolution in, practices begun in the 17th century with the advent of the academic journal, when the societal demand for access to scientific knowledge reached a point at which it became necessary for groups of scientists to share resources^[12] with each other.^[13] In modern times there is debate about the extent to which scientific information should be shared.^[14][5] The conflict that led to the Open Science movement is between the desire of scientists to have access to shared resources versus the desire of individual entities to profit when other entities partake of their resources.^[15] Additionally, the status of open access and resources that are available for its promotion are likely to differ from one field of academic inquiry to another.^[16]