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Mexican drug war

Mexican drug war
Part of the war on drugs

The Mexican military detaining suspects in Michoacán, 2007
DateDecember 11, 2006 (2006-12-11) – present
(18 years, 6 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Throughout Mexico, with occasional spillover across international borders into Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California,[20][21] and also into the Central and South American countries of El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Belize, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Guatemala[22][23][24]
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Consulting and training support:
Non-state armed groups:
 Principal Mexican cartels:
Other cartels:
Support:
Commanders and leaders
Strength
  •  Mexico
    • 368,000 police officers[25]
    • 277,000 soldiers[26]
    • 107,000 National Guard members
    • 23,300 self-defense group
    • 9,000 guerrillas group
 Cartels:
Casualties and losses
 Mexico:
Cartels:
  • 12,456 cartel members killed (2006–2010)[34]
  • 121,199 cartel members detained (2006–2009)[35]
  • 8,500 cartel members convicted (2006–2010)[36]
Total casualties:
  • 41,034 dead in war conflicts between identified parties from 2006–2020[37] (total 350,000–400,000 dead from organized crime homicides from 2006–2022)[38]
  • 60,000+ missing (2020)[39]
Part of a series on the
History of Mexico
The New Spain
First Republic
Second Federal Republic
1864–1928
Modern
Timeline
flag Mexico portal

The Mexican drug war is an ongoing asymmetric[40][41] armed conflict between the Mexican government and various drug trafficking syndicates. When the Mexican military intervened in 2006, the government's main objective was to reduce drug-related violence.[42] The Mexican government has asserted that its primary focus is dismantling the cartels and preventing drug trafficking. The conflict has been described as the Mexican theater of the global war on drugs, as led by the United States federal government.[43]

Violence escalated after the arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo in 1989. He was the leader and the co-founder of the first major Mexican drug cartel, the Guadalajara Cartel, an alliance of the current existing cartels (which included the Sinaloa Cartel, the Juarez Cartel, the Tijuana Cartel, and the Sonora Cartel with Aldair Mariano as the leader). After his arrest, the alliance broke, and high-ranking members formed their own cartels, fighting for control of territory and trafficking routes.

Although Mexican drug trafficking organizations have existed for several decades, their influence increased[44][45] after the demise of the Colombian Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. By 2007, Mexican drug cartels controlled 90% of the cocaine entering the United States.[46][47] Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.[48][49][50]

Federal law enforcement has been reorganized at least five times since 1982 in various attempts to control corruption and reduce cartel violence. During the same period, there were at least four elite special forces created as new, corruption-free soldiers who could fight Mexico's endemic bribery system.[51] Analysts estimate wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 to $49.4 billion annually.[46][52][53] The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late June 2008 to provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the Mérida Initiative and technical advice to strengthen the national justice systems. By the end of President Felipe Calderón's administration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the official death toll of the Mexican drug war was at least 60,000.[54] Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, not including 27,000 missing.[55][56] When Andrés Manuel López Obrador took office as president in 2018, he declared the war was over; his comment was criticized, as the homicide rate remains high.

  1. ^ "A new post combating an ever-evolving threat". Australian Federal Police (AFP). May 11, 2018.
  2. ^ "Security". 30 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Philippines arrests three linked to Mexico drug cartel: Police". 26 December 2013.
  4. ^ "How Mexico's guerrilla army stayed clear of organized crime". www.insightcrime.org. January 9, 2012.
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  10. ^ "Narcoland: The Mexican Drugs Lords and their Godfathers by Anabel Hernández – review". The Guardian. 21 November 2014.
  11. ^ "Mexico's criminal gangs stir up political violence ahead of election season". The Conversation. 10 May 2024.
  12. ^ "Mexican cartels funneling shipments to Italian mafia through Texas". The Guardian. 22 April 2009.
  13. ^ "La relación de negocios entre la mafia italiana y los carteles de la droga de México". InSight Crime. 19 Jun 2014.
  14. ^ "Por qué "El Mayo" Zambada forjó alianzas con las mafias de los Balcanes". Infobae. 15 September 2022.
  15. ^ "Cómo opera la mafia albanesa en América Latina y hasta dónde llegan sus tentáculos". BBC News Mundo. 15 November 2022.
  16. ^ "La "Mexican Mafia" mantuvo alianza con el Cártel de Sinaloa y ofreció protección para el Chapo Guzmán en prisión". Infobae. 19 January 2025.
  17. ^ "Quién es "El Profe", líder de la Mexican Mafia que quiere controlar cárceles de EEUU, ligado al Cártel de Sinaloa". Infobae. 26 January 2025.
  18. ^ "Qué es el "Programa México" con el que la Mara Salvatrucha se expandió en ese país (y cuál fue el golpe que lo dejó al borde de su desaparición)". BBC News Mundo. 9 March 2023.
  19. ^ "The Expansion and Diversification of Mexican Cartels: Dynamic New Actors and Markets". IISS. 12 December 2024.
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  24. ^ "Why is Honduras so violent". Insight Crime. October 2015.
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  32. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  33. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
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  37. ^ "Mexico - UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  38. ^ José Luis Pardo Veiras and Íñigo Arredondo (June 14, 2021). "Una Guerra Inventada y 350,000 Muertos en México". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  39. ^ "Mexican drug war's hidden human toll includes 61,000 disappeared". Reuters. 7 January 2020.
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  43. ^ Dilanian, Ken (17 March 2023). "Drug war cooperation between the U.S. and Mexico is at its lowest point in decades. What went wrong?". NBC News. National Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
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