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Metallization pressure

Metallization pressure is the pressure required for a non-metallic chemical element to become a metal. Every material is predicted to turn into a metal if the pressure is high enough, and temperature low enough. Some of these pressures are beyond the reach of diamond anvil cells, and are thus theoretical predictions. Neon has the highest metallization pressure for any element.

The value for phosphorus refers to pressurizing black phosphorus. The value for arsenic refers to pressurizing metastable black arsenic; grey arsenic, the standard state, is already a metallic conductor at standard conditions. No value is known or theoretically predicted for radon. Astatine is calculated to already be a metal at standard conditions,[1] although its extreme radioactivity means that this has never been tested experimentally.

Z Element p, Mbar ref. type
1 Hydrogen 3.9 [2] theoretical
2 Helium 329 [3] theoretical
5 Boron 1.6 [4][5] experimental
6 Carbon 11 [6] theoretical
7 Nitrogen >> 5 [7] theoretical
8 Oxygen 0.96 [8][9] experimental
9 Fluorine 25 [10] theoretical
10 Neon 2084 [11] theoretical
14 Silicon 0.12 [12] experimental
15 Phosphorus 0.048 [13] experimental
16 Sulfur 0.83 [14] experimental
17 Chlorine 2.0 [15] experimental
18 Argon 5.1 [16] theoretical
32 Germanium 0.11 [17] experimental
33 Arsenic 0.022 [18] theoretical
34 Selenium 0.23 [19] experimental
35 Bromine 0.25 [20] experimental
36 Krypton 3.1 [16][21] theoretical
52 Tellurium 0.04 [22] experimental
53 Iodine 0.16 [23] experimental
54 Xenon 1.3 [24] experimental
86 Radon . . .
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  12. ^ Hu, Jing Zhu; Merkle, Larry D.; Menoni, Carmen S.; Spain, Ian L. (1986). "Crystal data for high-pressure phases of silicon". Physical Review B. 34 (7): 4679–4684. Bibcode:1986PhRvB..34.4679H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.34.4679. hdl:10217/634. PMID 9940261.
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