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List of largest refugee crises

The list below includes data for refugee crises with at least 1 million refugees, not including internally displaced persons (IDP). For events for which estimates vary, the geometric mean of the lowest and highest estimates is calculated to rank the events.

Rows highlighted in blue indicate ongoing events.

Event Refugees estimate Origin From Until Duration Ref.
World War II 60.0 million Europe 1939 1945 6 years [1][2][3][4][5][6]
Partition of India 20.0 million Indian subcontinent 1947 1948 1 year [7][8]
World War I 15.0 million Europe 1914 1918 4 years [9][10][11]
Russian invasion of Ukraine 9.2 million[note 1] Europe 2022 Present 3 years, 4 months [12][13][14][15]
Bangladeshi Liberation War 9.0 million Indian subcontinent 1971 1971 8 months [16]
Crisis in Venezuela 8.9 million Venezuela 2014 Present 11 years [17]
Syrian Civil War 6.7 million Syria 2011 Present 14 years [18]
Soviet–Afghan War 6.2 million Afghanistan 1978 1989 11 years [19]
Yemeni Civil War 4.5 million Yemen 2015 Present 10 years [20]
Sudanese civil war (2023–) 3.5 million Sudan 2023 Present 2 years, 2 months [21]
Vietnam War 3.0 million Mainland Southeast Asia 1975 2000 25 years [22]
War in Afghanistan 2.6–2.7 million Afghanistan 2001 2021 20 years [23][24]
Yugoslav Wars 2.4 million Yugoslavia 1991 2001 10 years [25]
Korean War 1.0–5.0 million Korea 1950 1953 3 years [26][27]
Iraq War 2.2 million Iraq 2003 2011 8 years [28]
Rwandan Genocide 2.1 million Rwanda 1994 1996 2 years [29]
Iraqi Uprisings 1.8 million Iraq 1991 1991 8 months [22]
Wars in the Caucasus 1.5–2 million Caucasus 1988 1996 8 years [30][31]
Mozambican Civil War 1.7 million Mozambique 1977 1992 15 years [22]
Arab-Israeli Conflict 1.6 million (700,000 Palestinians est.
900,000 Jews est.) 		Palestine (region) 1947 Present 77 years [32]
South Sudanese Civil War 1.5 million South Sudan 2011 2020 9 years [33]
Rohingya Genocide 1.3 million Myanmar 2016 Present 9 years [34]
Algerian War 1.0 million Algeria 1954 1962 8 years [22]
Irish Great Famine 1.0 million Ireland 1845 1849 4 years [35]
First Libyan Civil War 1.0 million Libya 2011 2011 8 months [36]
Somali Civil War 1.0 million Somalia 1991 Present 34 years [37]
  1. ^ The State of The World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  2. ^ Reporting on Migrants and Refugees: Handbook for Journalism Educators. France: UNESCO. 2021. p. 21. ISBN 978-92-3-100456-8. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  3. ^ Orchard, Phil (2014). A Right to Flee: Refugees, States, and the Construction of International Cooperation. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781139923293.
  4. ^ Frank, Matthew; Reinisch, Jessica (2017). Refugees in Europe, 1919–1959: A Forty Years' Crisis?. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 147, 153. ISBN 978-1-4742-9573-4. Archived from the original on 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  5. ^ Rothman, Lily; Ronk, Liz (2015-09-11). "This Is What Europe's Last Major Refugee Crisis Looked Like". Time. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  6. ^ Gatrell, Peter (2017). "The Question of Refugees: Past and Present". Origins. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  7. ^ "The State of The World's Refugees 2000" (PDF). UNHCR. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-08. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  8. ^ Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (2013). "India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration". The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration. doi:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285. ISBN 9781444334890. Archived from the original on 2021-01-22. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  9. ^ Gatrell, Peter; Zhvanko, Liubov (2017). Europe on the Move: Refugees in the Era of the Great War. United Kingdom: Manchester University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781784994419.
  10. ^ Gatrell, Peter (2008). "Refugees and Forced Migrants during the First World War". Immigrants & Minorities. 26 (1–2): 82–110. doi:10.1080/02619280802442613. S2CID 143755412. Archived from the original on 2022-06-23. Retrieved 2022-03-10 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  11. ^ Chase, Gummer (2014). "World War I Centenary: Migration in Europe". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  12. ^ "Individual refugees from Ukraine recorded across Europe". UNHCR. 2023-04-18. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  13. ^ "Forbes: about 700,000 people leave Russia since mobilisation started". Novaya Gazeta. 2022-10-04. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  14. ^ "Hundreds of thousands flee Russia and Putin's 'two wars'". Al Jazeera. 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  15. ^ "Blinken: Russia's war against Ukraine a 'strategic failure'". 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  16. ^ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008). Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. ABC-CLIO. p. 34. ISBN 9780313346422. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
  17. ^ Osorio, Sonia (13 May 2023). "Casi 9 millones de venezolanos emigraron, pero mantienen fuerte vínculo con su país y la democracia". El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Refugee Data Finder". UNHCR. November 10, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  19. ^ Rupert Colville (1997). "Refugees Magazine Issue 108 (Afghanistan : the unending crisis) - The biggest caseload in the world". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  20. ^ "Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen". unrefugees.org. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  21. ^ "IOM Sudan Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Sudan Mobility Update (15)". reliefweb. 5 February 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  22. ^ a b c d State of the World's Refugees, 2000 Archived 2022-04-09 at the Wayback Machine United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
  23. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Afghanistan". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  24. ^ "In numbers: Life in Afghanistan after America leaves". BBC News. 13 July 2021. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  25. ^ Watkins, Clem S. (2003). The Balkans. New York City: Nova Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 9781590335253.
  26. ^ "The biggest refugee movements in history". MSN. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  27. ^ "Population and Manpower of Korea 1954" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 13 September 1954. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2017.
  28. ^ "UN agencies launch $85-million appeal to aid 2.2 million Iraqi refugees". UN News. September 18, 2007. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  29. ^ Prunier 2009, pp. 24–25
  30. ^ "UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) - Conflicts in the Caucasus". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 May 1996. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  31. ^ Cohen, Roberta (10 June 2003). "Testimony of Roberta Cohen, Co-Director, The Brookings-SAIS Project on Internal Displacement, at the public hearing on "Internally Displaced Persons in the Caucasus Region and Southeastern Anatolia"" (PDF). Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Brookings Institution. p. 1. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
  32. ^ "UN agency for Palestinian refugees launches $95 million appeal to keep COVID at bay". UN News. September 4, 2020. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  33. ^ "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General". United Nations. 2017-02-10. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  34. ^ "WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season - Bangladesh". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  35. ^ "Irelands' Population in the mid 1800s". Archived from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  36. ^ "2013 UNHCR country operations profile - Libya". UNCHR. 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  37. ^ "Registered Somali Refugee Population". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2016.


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