Back Сҭампыл Abkhazian Éseutamu ACE Истамбыл ADY Istanboel Afrikaans Istanbul ALS ኢስታንቡል Amharic Istambul AN Constantinopolis ANG इस्तानबुल ANP إسطنبول Arabic
Istanbul
İstanbul (Turkish) | |
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Levent business district | |
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OpenStreetMap  | |
  Istanbul Location within Turkey  Istanbul Location within Europe  Istanbul Location within Asia | |
| Coordinates: 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.01361°N 28.95500°E | |
| Country |  Turkey |
| Region | Marmara |
| Province | Istanbul |
| Provincial seat | Cağaloğlu, Fatih |
| Districts | 39 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–council government |
| • Body | Municipal Council of Istanbul |
| • Mayor | Nuri Aslan (acting) (CHP) |
| Area | |
| • Urban | 2,576.85 km2 (994.93 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 5,343.22 km2 (2,063.03 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 537 m (1,762 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2024)[3] | |
| 15,701,602 | |
| • Rank | 1st |
| • Urban | 15,340,111 |
| • Urban density | 5,953/km2 (15,420/sq mi) |
| • Metro density | 2,939/km2 (7,610/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Istanbulite (Turkish: İstanbullu) |
| GDP Nominal (2023) | |
| • Metropolitan municipality and province | ₺ 8,060 billion US$ 340.4 billion |
| • Per capita | ₺ 510,733 US$ 21,741 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Postal code | 34000 to 34990 |
| Area codes |
|
| ISO 3166 code | TR-34 |
| Vehicle registration | 34 |
| HDI (2022) | 0.888[6] (very high) · 1st |
| GeoTLD | .ist, .istanbul |
| Website | |
| Official name | Historic Areas of Istanbul |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) |
| Reference | 356bis |
| Inscription | 1985 (9th Session) |
| Extensions | 2017 |
| Area | 765.5 ha (1,892 acres) |
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Istanbul[b] is the largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population over 15 million, it is home to 18% of the population of Turkey.[3] Istanbul is among the largest cities in Europe[c] and in the world by population. It is a city on two continents; about two-thirds of its population live in Europe and the rest in Asia.[9] Istanbul straddles the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its area of 5,461 square kilometers (2,109 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province.[10] Istanbul's climate is Mediterranean.[11]
The city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. Byzantium was founded on the Sarayburnu promontory by Greek colonists, potentially in the seventh century BC.[12] For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires: the Roman Empire (330–395), the Byzantine Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922).[13] It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the last caliphate.[14] Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital in Ankara, palaces and imperial mosques still line Istanbul's hills as visible reminders of the city's previous central role. The historic centre of Istanbul is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Istanbul's strategic position along the historic Silk Road,[15] rail networks to Europe and West Asia, and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have helped foster an eclectic populace, although less so since the establishment of the Republic in 1923. Overlooked for the new capital during the interwar period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have flocked to the metropolis and city limits have expanded to accommodate them.[16][17] Most Turkish citizens in Istanbul are ethnic Turks, while ethnic Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Arts festivals were established at the end of the 20th century, while infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network.
Considered an alpha global city,[18] Istanbul accounts for about thirty percent of Turkey's economy.[4] Istanbul-İzmit area is one of the main industrial regions in Turkey.[19] In 2024, Euromonitor International ranked Istanbul as the second most visited city in the world.[20] Istanbul is home to two international airports, multiple ports, and numerous universities.[21] It is among the top 100 science and technology clusters in the world.[22] The city hosts a large part of Turkish football and sports in general, with clubs such as Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş. Istanbul is vulnerable to earthquakes as it is in close proximity to the North Anatolian Fault.[23]
- ^ "YETKİ ALANI". Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri". Hava Forumu. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15 April 2020.
- ^ a b "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2024". www.tuik.gov.tr. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
- ^ a b "GDP by Provinces, 2023 - İstanbul had the highest share of GDP with 30.4% (Tables 1 and 3)". www.tuik.gov.tr. Turkish Statistical Institute. 12 December 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
- ^ "Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($)" [National Accounts - GDP per capita ($)]. www.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 704. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.
- ^ Tepe 2019, p. 1
- ^ "Yetki Alanı". İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. n.d. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
...geçici 2. Madde ile İstanbul ve İzmit illeri için istisnai bir uygulama yapılarak büyükşehir belediye sınırları, Kanunun yürürlüğe girdiği tarihi itibariyle il mülkî sınırı olarak genişletildi. Bu hükümle birlikte İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin yetki alanı 5460,85 km² (5343,22 km² kara alanı + 117,63 km² göl alanı) oldu.
- ^ Şengör & Kındap 2019, p. 250
- ^ Herrin, Judith (28 September 2009). Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-691-14369-9.
- ^ Çelik 1993, p. xv
- ^ Masters & Ágoston 2009, pp. 114–5
- ^ Dumper & Stanley 2007, p. 320
- ^ Turan 2010, p. 224
- ^ "Population and Demographic Structure". Istanbul 2010: European Capital of Culture. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
- ^ "World Cities 2024". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
- ^ Bölükbaşı 2012, p. 344
- ^ "Euromonitor International reveals world's Top 100 City Destinations for 2024". Euromonitor International. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^
- for airports and ports, see: Tepe 2019, p. 4
- for universities, see: Heper, Öztürk-Tunçel & Criss 2018, p. 268
- ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2024, pp. 76–77
- ^
- Tepe 2019, p. 1–2
- Şengör & Kındap 2019, p. 256–257
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