Back رأس مال معرفي Arabic İntellektual kapital Azerbaijani Intelektuální kapitál Czech Intellektuelles Kapital German Διανοητικό κεφάλαιο Greek Capital intelectual Spanish Intellektuaalne kapital Estonian Aineeton pääoma Finnish Intelektualni kapital Croatian Modal intelektual ID

Intellectual capital

Intellectual capital is the result of mental processes that form a set of intangible objects that can be used in economic activity and bring income to its owner (organization), covering the competencies of its people (human capital), the value relating to its relationships (relational capital), and everything that is left when the employees go home (structural capital),[1] of which intellectual property (IP) is but one component.[2] It is the sum of everything everybody in a company knows that gives it a competitive edge.[3] The term is used in academia in an attempt to account for the value of intangible assets not listed explicitly on a company's balance sheets.[4] On a national level, intellectual capital refers to national intangible capital (NIC).[5]

A second meaning that is used in academia and was adopted in large corporations is focused on the recycling of knowledge via knowledge management and intellectual capital management (ICM).[6][7][8] Creating, shaping and updating the stock of intellectual capital requires the formulation of a strategic vision, which blends together all three dimensions of intellectual capital within the organisational context through exploration, exploitation, measurement, and disclosure.[9] Intellectual capital is used in assessing the wealth of organizations.[3] A metric for the value of intellectual capital is the amount by which the enterprise value of a firm exceeds the value of its tangible (physical and financial) assets.[10][11] Directly visible on corporate books is capital embodied in its physical assets and financial capital; however all three make up the value of an enterprise.[12] Measuring the real value and the total performance of intellectual capital's components is a critical part of running a company in the knowledge economy and Information Age. Understanding the intellectual capital in an enterprise allows leveraging of its intellectual assets.[6] For a corporation, the result will optimize its stock price.

The IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) committee developed the International Accounting System 38 with the purpose of prescribing the accounting treatment for intangible assets. IAS 38.8 defines an intangible asset as an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. An asset is a resource that is controlled by the entity as the result of past events (for example purchase or self-creation) and from which future economic benefits (inflows of cash or other benefits) are expected.

  1. ^ Edvinsson, Leif; Malone, Michael S. (1997). Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding its Hidden Brainpower. New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 9780887308413. OCLC 36024079.
  2. ^ Luthy, David H. (1998). "Intellectual capital and its measurement". Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference (APIRA), Osaka, Japan. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.200.5655.
  3. ^ a b Stewart, Thomas A. (1997). Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations. New York: Currency/Doubleday. ISBN 0385482280. OCLC 35792346.
  4. ^ Brooking, Annie (1997). Intellectual Capital. London; New York: International Thomson Business Press. ISBN 1861520239. OCLC 35620282.
  5. ^ Ståhle, Pirjo; Ståhle, Sten; Lin, Carol Y.Y. (2015). "Intangibles and national economic wealth – a new perspective on how they are linked". Journal of Intellectual Capital. 16: 20–57. doi:10.1108/jic-02-2014-0017.
  6. ^ a b Khavand Kar, Jalil; Khavandkar, Ehsan; Mottaghi, Afshin (2013). Intellectual Capital: Management, Development and Measurement Models (3rd ed.). Tehran, Iran: Industrial Research and Training Center of Iran Press. ISBN 9789642841646.
  7. ^ Choo, Chun Wei; Bontis, Nick (2002). The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019515486X. OCLC 48429047.
  8. ^ Wiig, Karl M. (June 1997). "Integrating intellectual capital and knowledge management". Long Range Planning. 30 (3): 399–405. doi:10.1016/S0024-6301(97)90256-9.
  9. ^ Khavandkar, Ehsan; Theodorakopoulos, Nick; Hart, Mark; Preston, Jude (2016). "Leading the Diffusion of Intellectual Capital Management Practices in Science Parks" (PDF). Human Resource Management, Innovation and Performance. pp. 213–231. doi:10.1057/9781137465191_14. ISBN 978-1-349-56307-4. S2CID 55619748.
  10. ^ Paolo Magrassi (2002) "A Taxonomy of Intellectual Capital", Research Note COM-17-1985, Gartner
  11. ^ Sveiby, Karl Erik (1997). "The Intangible Asset Monitor". Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting. 2 (1).
  12. ^ Wiederhold, Gio (2013). Valuing Intellectual Capital: Multinationals and Taxhavens. Management for Professionals. New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6611-6. ISBN 9781461466109. OCLC 857407166.

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