Ibn Battuta

Shaykh^[1]
Ibn Battuta
Shaykh Ibn Battuta
ابن بطوطة
	1878 illustration by Léon Benett showing Ibn Battuta (center) and his guide (left) in Egypt
Born	24 February 1304; Tangier, Marinid sultanate
Died	1369 (aged 64–65); Marrakesh, Marinid sultanate
Other names	The Islamic Marco Polo;
Occupation(s)	Traveller, Geographer, explorer, scholar, judge
Era	Post-classical history
Notable work	Rihla
	Arabic name
Personal; (Ism)	Muḥammad; مُحَمَّد
Patronymic; (Nasab)	ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Baṭṭūṭah; ابن عبد الله بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن محمد بن يوسف بن بطوطة
Teknonymic; (Kunya)	ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh; أبو عبد الله
Epithet; (Laqab)	Shams al-Dīn; شمس الدين

Ibn Battuta (/ˌɪbən bætˈtuːtɑː/; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369),^[a] was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar.^[7] Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, commonly known as The Rihla.

Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km (15,000 mi).^[8]^[9]^[10]

^ Norris, H. T. (1959). "Ibn Baṭṭūṭah's Andalusian Journey". The Geographical Journal. 125 (2): 185–196. doi:10.2307/1790500. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1790500.
^ Roynard, Romy (22 November 2018). "Sur les traces d'Ibn Battuta: le Maroc". National Geographic (in French). Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Meri, Yousef (2 July 2019). "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa". Oxford Bibliographies. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ Starkey, Paul (2013). "Ibn Battuta". In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1.
^ Pryor, John H. (3 April 2013). "The adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim traveler of the 14th century (review)". Parergon. 10 (2): 252–253. doi:10.1353/pgn.1992.0050. ISSN 1832-8334. S2CID 144835824. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ Chism, Christine (2013). "Between Islam and Christendom: Ibn Battuta's Travels in Asia Minor and the North". Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–78. doi:10.1057/9781137045096_4. ISBN 978-1-349-34108-5.
^ ^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
^ Parker, John (2004). "Marco Polo". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 15 (Illustrated ed.). World Book. ISBN 978-0-7166-0104-3.
^ Dunn 2005, p. 20.
^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (1989). Glimpses of World History. Oxford University Press. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-19-561323-0. After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: "This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences. ... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travelers of all time."

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[Norris59-1] Norris, H. T. (1959). "Ibn Baṭṭūṭah's Andalusian Journey". The Geographical Journal. 125 (2): 185–196. doi:10.2307/1790500. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1790500.

[2] Roynard, Romy (22 November 2018). "Sur les traces d'Ibn Battuta: le Maroc". National Geographic (in French). Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.

[Meri_2019-4] Meri, Yousef (2 July 2019). "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa". Oxford Bibliographies. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[Ian_Richard_Netton-5] Starkey, Paul (2013). "Ibn Battuta". In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1.

[Pryor_2013_pp._252–253-6] Pryor, John H. (3 April 2013). "The adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim traveler of the 14th century (review)". Parergon. 10 (2): 252–253. doi:10.1353/pgn.1992.0050. ISSN 1832-8334. S2CID 144835824. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[Chism_2013_pp._59–78-7] Chism, Christine (2013). "Between Islam and Christendom: Ibn Battuta's Travels in Asia Minor and the North". Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–78. doi:10.1057/9781137045096_4. ISBN 978-1-349-34108-5.

[maghrebi-8] [3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

[9] Parker, John (2004). "Marco Polo". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 15 (Illustrated ed.). World Book. ISBN 978-0-7166-0104-3.

[FOOTNOTEDunn200520-10] Dunn 2005, p. 20.

[11] Nehru, Jawaharlal (1989). Glimpses of World History. Oxford University Press. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-19-561323-0. After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: "This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences. ... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travelers of all time."

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