Hypersonic speed

In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is any exceeding five times the speed of sound, which is speeds more than Mach 5. ^[1] Calculating Mach speed depends on the particular speed of sound which varies by air temperature. ^[2] Specifically, the precise Mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies, since individual physical changes in the airflow (like molecular dissociation and ionization) occur at different speeds; these effects collectively become important around Mach 5–10. The hypersonic regime can also be alternatively defined as speeds where specific heat capacity changes with the temperature of the flow as kinetic energy of the moving object is converted into heat.^[3]

^ Galison, P.; Roland, A., eds. (2000). Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century. Springer. p. 90. ISBN 978-94-011-4379-0.
^ NASA Glenn Research Center; National Weather Service. "what is rule for converting km/h to Mach". iask.ai. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
^ "Specific Heat Capacity, Calorically Imperfect Gas". Glenn Research Center. NASA. Retrieved December 27, 2019.

[Galison-1] Galison, P.; Roland, A., eds. (2000). Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century. Springer. p. 90. ISBN 978-94-011-4379-0.

[2] NASA Glenn Research Center; National Weather Service. "what is rule for converting km/h to Mach". iask.ai. Retrieved June 24, 2025.

[Glenn-3] "Specific Heat Capacity, Calorically Imperfect Gas". Glenn Research Center. NASA. Retrieved December 27, 2019.

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