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Europe of Nations and Freedom

Europe of Nations and Freedom
European Parliament group
English abbr.ENF
French abbr.ENL
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[15] to far-right[20]
European partiesMovement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
From15 June 2015
To13 June 2019
Succeeded byIdentity and Democracy
Chaired byNicolas Bay
Marcel de Graaff
Websiteenf.eu (archived)

Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF; French: Europe des nations et des libertés, ENL) was a far-right[21][22][23][24] political group that operated in the European Parliament between 2015 and 2019. It was composed of 37 MEPs and only existed during the European Parliament's 8th term. Most of its MPs were members of the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom political party.

Ideologically, ENF was right-wing populist and Eurosceptic. Its members included far-right parties such as French National Front (known as National Rally after 2018), Italian Lega Nord, Dutch Party for Freedom, and Vlaams Belang. After the 2019 European Parliament election, ENF was transformed into the Identity and Democracy group.[25]

  1. ^ "Le Pen finds common cause with Europe's nationalists". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
  2. ^ "EU Parliament: Liberal ALDE group rebrands as 'Renew Europe". Euronews. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  3. ^ Heijmans, Philip; de Goeij, Hana (16 December 2017). "European Far-Right Leaders, Meeting to Condemn the E.U., Are Greeted With Boos". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  4. ^ [1][2][3]
  5. ^ a b Alan Siaroff (2019). Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-317-49876-6.
  6. ^ Tobias Gerhard Schminke. "Instabile Rechtsfraktion im EU-Parlament – Treffpunkt Europa | europäisch, politisch, kritisch". Treffpunkteuropa.de. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  7. ^ Europe’s right-wing populist leaders to confer in Germany. The Washington Post. Published 19 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  8. ^ [5][6][7]
  9. ^ "Building blocs: EU leaders make post-election deals for top jobs". Al Jazeera. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  10. ^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  11. ^ Canepa, Francesco (16 February 2018). "Soros lobbies ECB for more euro zone integration, draws criticism". Reuters. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  12. ^ [10][11]
  13. ^ EU's right-wing ENF faction unites to fight for 'patriotism, sovereignty and identity'. Deutsche Welle. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  14. ^ Europe’s top rightwing politicians gather in Koblenz. Financial Times. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  15. ^ [13][14]
  16. ^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  17. ^ Samuel, Henry; Holehouse, Matthew (16 June 2015). "Marine Le Pen forms far-Right group in European Parliament". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  18. ^ Rettman, Andrew (15 June 2015). "Far-right parties form group in EU parliament". EU Observer. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  19. ^ "Far right MEPs form EU parliamentary group | The Parliament Magazine". Theparliamentmagazine.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  20. ^ [5][16][17][18][19]
  21. ^ "Far-right poised to double EU seats – DW – 03/09/2019". dw.com. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  22. ^ Norman, Ludvig (November 2017). "Defending the European political order: Visions of politics in response to the radical right". European Journal of Social Theory. 20 (4): 531–549. doi:10.1177/1368431016679670.
  23. ^ Woertz, Eckart; Soler i Lecha, Eduard (27 May 2022). "Populism and Euro-Mediterranean cooperation: The Barcelona Process 25 years after". Mediterranean Politics. 27 (3): 273–296. doi:10.1080/13629395.2020.1799165.
  24. ^ Oltermann, Philip (24 October 2017). "Austria's far-right Freedom party invited to enter coalition talks". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  25. ^ "France's Le Pen unveils new far-right European Parliament group". Reuters. 13 June 2019.

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