Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the process where breast milk is fed to a child.^[1][2] Infants may suck the milk directly from the breast, or milk may be extracted with a pump and then fed to the infant. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby's birth and continue as the baby wants.^[3] Health organizations, including the WHO, recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months.^[4][5][6] This means that no other foods or drinks, other than vitamin D, are typically given.^[7] The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years and beyond.^[4][5] Of the 135 million babies born every year, only 42% are breastfed within the first hour of life, only 38% of mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months, and 58% of mothers continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years and beyond.^{[4][clarification needed]}

Breastfeeding has a number of benefits to both mother and baby that infant formula lacks.^[5][8] Increased breastfeeding to near-universal levels in low and medium income countries could prevent approximately 820,000 deaths of children under the age of five annually.^[9] Breastfeeding decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections, ear infections, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and diarrhea for the baby, both in developing and developed countries.^{[4][5][10]: 13} Other benefits have been proposed to include lower risks of asthma, food allergies, and diabetes.^[5][9] Breastfeeding may also improve cognitive development and decrease the risk of obesity in adulthood.^[4][11]

Benefits for the mother include less blood loss following delivery, better contraction of the uterus, and a decreased risk of postpartum depression.^[5] Breastfeeding delays the return of menstruation, and in very specific circumstances, fertility, a phenomenon known as lactational amenorrhea.^{[5][10]: 83} Long-term benefits for the mother include decreased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.^{[5][9][10]: 13} Breastfeeding is less expensive than infant formula,^[12][13] but its impact on mothers' ability to earn an income is not usually factored into calculations comparing the two feeding methods.^[14] It is also common for women to experience generally manageable symptoms such as; vaginal dryness, De Quervain syndrome, cramping, mastitis, moderate to severe nipple pain and a general lack of bodily autonomy. These symptoms generally peak at the start of breastfeeding but disappear or become considerately more manageable after the first few weeks.

Feedings may last as long as 30–60 minutes each as milk supply develops and the infant learns the Suck-Swallow-Breathe pattern.^{[10]: 50–51} However, as milk supply increases and the infant becomes more efficient at feeding, the duration of feeds may shorten.^{[10]: 50–51} Older children may feed less often.^[15] When direct breastfeeding is not possible, expressing or pumping to empty the breasts can help mothers avoid plugged milk ducts and breast infection, maintain their milk supply, resolve engorgement, and provide milk to be fed to their infant at a later time.^{[1][16][17][10]: 55, 63–67} Medical conditions that do not allow breastfeeding are rare.^[5] Mothers who take certain recreational drugs should not breastfeed, however, most medications are compatible with breastfeeding.^[10]: 17 Current evidence indicates that it is unlikely that COVID-19 can be transmitted through breast milk.^[18] Smoking tobacco and consuming limited amounts of alcohol and/or coffee are not reasons to avoid breastfeeding.^[19][20][21]