Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Acute promyelocytic leukemia
	Bone marrow smear from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia, showing characteristic abnormal promyelocytes.
Specialty	Hematology and oncology
Usual onset	~40 years old
Causes	Uncontrolled proliferation of promyelocytes
Frequency	Develops in about 600 to 800 people per year (United States)

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML, APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a cancer of the white blood cells.^[3] In APL, there is an abnormal accumulation of immature granulocytes called promyelocytes. The disease is characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene and is distinguished from other forms of AML by its responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; also known as tretinoin) therapy. Acute promyelocytic leukemia was first characterized in 1957^[4]^[5] by French and Norwegian physicians as a hyperacute fatal illness,^[3] with a median survival time of less than a week.^[6] Today, prognoses have drastically improved; 10-year survival rates are estimated to be approximately 80-90% according to one study.^[7]^[6]^[8]

^ Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings: Syed Zaidi, M.D. "APL with PML-RARA". APL with PML-RARA. Last author update: 1 February 2013
Source image: File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg from PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database) Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (Public Domain)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference MSR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Tallman MS, Altman JK (2008). "Curative strategies in acute promyelocytic leukemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2008: 391–9. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.391. PMID 19074116.
^ Hillestad, LK (November 1957). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia". Acta Med Scand. 159 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1957.tb00124.x. PMID 13508085.
^ ^a ^b Coombs, C. C.; Tavakkoli, M.; Tallman, M. S. (2015-04-17). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (4): e304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.
^ Cite error: The named reference Blood2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ C C, Coombs (17 April 2015). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (4): 304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.

[1] Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings: Syed Zaidi, M.D. "APL with PML-RARA". APL with PML-RARA. Last author update: 1 February 2013
Source image: File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg from PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database) Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (Public Domain)

[NORD-2] "Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Retrieved March 9, 2023.

[MSR-3] Cite error: The named reference MSR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[pmid19074116-4] Tallman MS, Altman JK (2008). "Curative strategies in acute promyelocytic leukemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2008: 391–9. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.391. PMID 19074116.

[5] Hillestad, LK (November 1957). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia". Acta Med Scand. 159 (3): 189–94. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1957.tb00124.x. PMID 13508085.

[:0-6] Coombs, C. C.; Tavakkoli, M.; Tallman, M. S. (2015-04-17). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (4): e304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.

[Blood2010-7] Cite error: The named reference Blood2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] C C, Coombs (17 April 2015). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer Journal. 5 (4): 304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.

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