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1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers

The 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers were written by three teams who proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories. These three papers were written by: Robert Brout and François Englert;[1][2] Peter Higgs;[3] and Gerald Guralnik, C. Richard Hagen, and Tom Kibble (GHK).[4][5] They are credited with the theory of the Higgs mechanism and the prediction of the Higgs field and Higgs boson. Together, these provide a theoretical means by which Goldstone's theorem (a problematic limitation affecting early modern particle physics theories) can be avoided. They showed how gauge bosons can acquire non-zero masses as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking within gauge invariant models of the universe.[6]

As such, these form the key element of the electroweak theory that forms part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and of many models, such as the Grand Unified Theory, that go beyond it. The papers that introduce this mechanism were published in Physical Review Letters (PRL) and were each recognized as milestone papers by PRL's 50th anniversary celebration.[7] All of the six physicists were awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for this work;[8] Brout, Englert and Higgs received the 2004 Wolf Prize in Physics;[9] and in 2013 Englert and Higgs received the Nobel Prize in Physics.[10]

On 4 July 2012, the two main experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (ATLAS and CMS) at CERN confirmed independently the existence of a previously unknown particle with a mass of about 125 GeV/c2 (about 133 proton masses, on the order of 10−25 kg), which is "consistent with the Higgs boson" and widely believed to be the Higgs boson.[11]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference eb64 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Brout, R.; Englert, F. (1998). "Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories: A Historical Survey". arXiv:hep-th/9802142.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference higgs64 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference ghk64 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Guralnik 2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference ScholarpediaKibble was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Blume, M.; Brown, S.; Millev, Y. (2008). "Letters from the past, a PRL retrospective (1964)". Physical Review Letters. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  8. ^ "J. J. Sakurai Prize Winners". American Physical Society. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  9. ^ Dumé, Isabelle (2004-01-20). "Wolf prize goes to particle theorists". Physics World. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  10. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013".
  11. ^ "CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson" (Press release). CERN. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2015-06-02.

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